{"id":4869,"date":"2015-09-17T03:09:01","date_gmt":"2015-09-16T20:09:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kientrucvui.com\/?p=4869"},"modified":"2015-09-17T03:09:01","modified_gmt":"2015-09-16T20:09:01","slug":"giai-ma-bi-mat-be-tong-sieu-chac-thoi-la-ma-co-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kientrucvui.com\/home\/giai-ma-bi-mat-be-tong-sieu-chac-thoi-la-ma-co-dai-4869.html","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt b\u00ea t\u00f4ng si\u00eau ch\u1eafc th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"
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C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o ra b\u00ea t\u00f4ng si\u00eau b\u1ec1n th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e9 l\u1ed9, gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia M\u1ef9, Italy, m\u1eabu b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00ea ch\u1eafn s\u00f3ng \u1edf v\u1ecbnh Pozzuoli, n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u1ecbnh Naples c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 37 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n sau c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ecb va \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 t\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 Pliny the Elder. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Pliny, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh v\u1ecbnh Naples, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u1edf Pozzuoli ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 trong l\u1edbp xi m\u0103ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00ea ch\u1eafn s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecbnh Pozzuoli t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a UC Berkeley c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u01a1 s\u1edf Arab Saudi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c. Sau th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u201cm\u1ed5 x\u1ebb\u201d m\u1eabu v\u1eadt tr\u00ean, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, si\u00eau ch\u1eafc t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng th\u1eddi La M\u00e3. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u1eefa x\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0110\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng Colis\u00e9e- m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7t t\u1ea1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u00f4i v\u00e0 tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111em h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed9n th\u00eam \u0111\u00e1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 cho v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n g\u1ed7. N\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n g\u1ed7 tr\u00ean g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t canxi nh\u00f4m silicat-hydrat (C-A-S-H) si\u00eau ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111em n\u00f3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi xi m\u0103ng Portland (m\u1eabu b\u00ea t\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay) th\u00ec cho ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Lo\u1ea1i xi m\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 v\u00f4i v\u00e0 tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 50 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xi m\u0103ng Portland t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn kh\u00ed carbon dioxide, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Paulo Monteiro chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, hi\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 19 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n xi m\u0103ng Portland h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang th\u1ea3i ra 7% kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c carbon dioxide v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2, Pantheon \u1edf Rome l\u00e0 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f9ng tu l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xi m\u0103ng Portland m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xi m\u0103ng Portland c\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn carbon trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 nung ch\u1ea3y h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1.450 \u0111\u1ed9 C (2.642 \u0111\u1ed9 F) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5t canxi cacbonat. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt v\u00f4i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nung \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 900 \u0111\u1ed9 C (1652 \u0111\u1ed9 F) ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u00edt nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra lo\u1ea1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng si\u00eau b\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n cho xi m\u0103ng Portland. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c tro bay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng than.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Monteiro v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra \u00edt kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Monteiro \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ea5t pozzolan (n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi canxi hi\u0111roxit th\u00ec t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t xi m\u0103ng) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf 40% nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xi m\u0103ng Portland nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n m\u00e3i theo th\u1eddi gian\u201d, \u00f4ng Monteiro cho hay.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

(Theo Kienthuc)<\/em><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o ra b\u00ea t\u00f4ng si\u00eau b\u1ec1n th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e9 l\u1ed9, gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia M\u1ef9, Italy, m\u1eabu b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00ea ch\u1eafn s\u00f3ng \u1edf v\u1ecbnh Pozzuoli, n\u1eb1m…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4870,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,4],"tags":[2150],"class_list":["post-4869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc","category-tu-van","tag-giai-ma-bi-mat-be-tong-sieu-chac-thoi-la-ma-co-dai"],"yoast_head":"\nGi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt b\u00ea t\u00f4ng si\u00eau ch\u1eafc th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt b\u00ea t\u00f4ng si\u00eau ch\u1eafc th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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