{"id":7458,"date":"2017-11-14T15:29:39","date_gmt":"2017-11-14T08:29:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kientrucvui.com\/?p=7458"},"modified":"2017-11-14T15:29:39","modified_gmt":"2017-11-14T08:29:39","slug":"7-loai-vat-lieu-moi-se-thay-doi-toan-bo-nganh-xay-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kientrucvui.com\/home\/7-loai-vat-lieu-moi-se-thay-doi-toan-bo-nganh-xay-dung-7458.html","title":{"rendered":"7 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. H\u00e3y xem xem \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong xu h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t: Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3 S\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u0169ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng \u201cch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi\u201d n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00e9p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu g\u1ecdn n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng m\u1ecfng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 7 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

1. B\u00ea t\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c<\/h4>\n
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M\u1ed9t v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh La Tourette c\u1ee7a Corbusier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u2013 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, do s\u1ef1 n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u201ctu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o trong b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t khi n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n qua. Lo\u1ea1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan.<\/p>\n

2. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nano<\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n

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Concept Mega-City Pyramid c\u1ee7a Shimizu TRY 2004 cho Tokyo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng nano cacbon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Nano \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1eebng cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng nano carbon (CNTs) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c n\u00e9n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u00e9p r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Th\u00e9p thanh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nano c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u00eau si\u00eau nh\u1eb9 hay b\u00ea t\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ph\u00eda tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

3. Pin n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/h4>\n
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Lo\u1ea1i pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong su\u1ed1t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Nano c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c che ph\u1ee7 t\u1eebng t\u1ea5m pin v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u chi ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1edf ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai thay th\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n bao g\u1ed3m pin dye-sensitised (DSSCs), m\u1ef1c silicon DuPont v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong su\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf k\u00ednh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

4. Aerogel c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h4>\n
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Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, Aerogel c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1edd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng \u201cng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu hay c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3ng h\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Aerogel \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong top nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t (gi\u1eef 13 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guiness n\u0103m 2011). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi NASA, Aerogel ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho nhu c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

5. M\u00e1i nh\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ea3y m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i\u201d<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i nh\u1edbp nh\u00e1p\u201d nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh l\u1eafm nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ETH-Zurich th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u201cch\u1ea3y m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i\u201d. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ra khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00fap l\u00e0m m\u00e1t cho t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u2013 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea3y m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

6. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Harvard \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u1ed1p truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 tr\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i m\u1ea5t. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1, b\u1ee5i, m\u00e0u v\u1ebd\u2026<\/p>\n

7. T\u01a1 nh\u1ec7n<\/h4>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01a1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m: Ch\u00fang b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u00e9p, nh\u1eb9, si\u00eau m\u1ecbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t si\u00eau linh ho\u1ea1t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb MIT Media Lab \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng con t\u1eb1m, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang nh\u1ea3 t\u01a1 theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1eb1ng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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